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Santé et environnement sont deux thèmes interconnectés du programme BAC. Santé mondiale : maladies infectieuses (malaria, tuberculose, COVID-19), épidémies et pandémies, accès aux soins, santé mentale, nutrition et obésité, droits à la santé. Environnement : changement climatique, déforestation, pollution (air, eau, sol), biodiversité en danger, plastiques dans les océans, désertification (Sahel). Liens entre santé et environnement : pollution de l'air → maladies respiratoires, eau contaminée → maladies gastro-intestinales, changement climatique → propagation de maladies vectorielles. Réponses globales : Accords de Paris (2015), ODD (Objectifs de Développement Durable / SDGs), campagnes de vaccination (OMS), jardins communautaires, énergies propres. Vocabulaire clé : climate change, deforestation, pollution, biodiversity, epidemic, pandemic, vaccination, sustainable development, ecosystem, carbon footprint.
Exercice 1 : Répondez en anglais.
1. What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
2. How does deforestation affect the environment?
3. What can individuals do to reduce their carbon footprint?
Exercice 2 : Rédigez un paragraphe sur :
'The relationship between environmental degradation and public health in Africa.'
What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?
Correction
An epidemic is an outbreak of disease that spreads rapidly within a specific region or community. A pandemic is an epidemic that has spread globally, affecting multiple countries and continents. Example: COVID-19 began as an epidemic in Wuhan, China, in 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the WHO in March 2020.
What are the main causes and consequences of deforestation?
Correction
Causes: agricultural expansion (slash-and-burn), logging for timber, urbanisation, mining, and charcoal production. Consequences: loss of biodiversity (animal and plant species disappear), increased CO2 emissions (trees absorb carbon), soil erosion, disruption of water cycles, flooding and desertification, and displacement of indigenous communities.
What is sustainable development?
Correction
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland Report, 1987). It balances economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection. The UN's 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted in 2015, provide a global blueprint for achieving sustainability by 2030.